Basics Of Optical Networks


15 July 2017



Optical Networks basics and Common words

Contents

Getting Started

How it would be?

All Optical Network links are connected to the internet through the MPLS Multi Protocol Lable switching. So that would be the gateway to the internet for optical lines. Which is also has Session Initiation Protocol - SIP with it. The figure shown below explains the connectivity.

Normal Blocks of an Optical Network

Optical Network Block

ems

  • Optical lines
  • ADSL (Asynchronous Digital Synchronous Link)
  • EFM links (Ethernet Fiber Modem Link)

SIP will helps for the functions shown below,

Functions

1. User Registration

  • It collects the user locations and details who are participating.

2. User Availability

  • It determine the user availability whether they will answer call.

3. Session Setup

  • It controls the end point telephone to be ring or not.

3. Session Management

  • It has total control to manage the calls like changing into 3 way calls conference, call termination, Transfer call, etc.,
What MPLS does?
  • It encapsulates packets of various network protocols.
  • It supports the technologies like T1/E1, ATM, Frame Relay, and DSL.
  • Due to the switching methods like ASIC, TCAM and CAM its goal to increase speed is no longer relevant.
  • It is confined by the limited traffic engineering.

Architecture of Network

Due to this connection environment, The network looks like N number of spanning trees are conncted to the main end point of the network which manages the totoal network.

Basic Architecture of an Optical Network

ems

MSTP

Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol is the protocol which is used in this optical Transportation environment. This is commonly known in the Synchronous digital hierarchy - SDH topology.

Properties of a Good Optical Network

It should have,

  1. SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (or) SONET Synchronous Optical Hierarchy
  2. DWDM - Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
  3. Fault Management and Rout Cause Analysis
  4. Northbound and Southbound Interfaces
    1. CORBA
    2. MTOSI
    3. OSS/J
  5. PTP Physical Terminal Point
  6. CTP Connection Terminal Point
  7. ME Managed Element (view by the NMS System)
  8. SNC Sub-network Connection
    1. aEnd
    2. zEnd

Multi Technology Network Elements

It is widely manages and supports the management of these technologies:

  • SONET/SDH,
  • PDH, Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
  • DWDM,
  • Ethernet,
  • DSL, Digital Subscriber Link
  • ATM, Asynchronous Transfer Mode
  • Frame Relay, and Control Plane management.
SDH/SONET
  • Synchronous clock operation followed in the network elements. It is better than PDH.
  • SDH is the only key to use multi point networking.
PDH
  • Plesiochronous means variable clocks are followed in multiplexing areas. Due to that each node will differ within tolerance of few clock periods.
  • PDH is not suitable for growing network Traffic.

Optical Network Ports

PTP
  • This is the Physical Terminal Point of a network where clients exists.
  • Physical Terminal Point contains more or one CTP.
CTP
  • Connection Terminal Port communicates through the PTP.
  • This is the actual end of the client where the service ends.
  • CTP Associated with PTP by STM-4 (Synchronous Transport Module - 4) prototype.

Equipment Modelling

Network Elements

These can be separated as shown below,

  • Manageable Components

    • Circuit Pack/Field replaceable unit
    • Card
    • Fan Unit
    • Power Supply

  • UnManageable Components

    • Rack
    • Shelf
    • Slot
    • Sub_Slot

Normally the port is the end of the network that can be derived by,

Port Name

Port = RACK:1,SHELF:1,SLOT:1,SUB_SLOT:1,PORT:2

Path of the Circuit to the Cross connection

Service/ Circuit —-> SNC_n —-> Route_n —-> CC_n

Note: All components above are interconnected by their own siblings

Roles of Management System

Element Management System

ems

CC_n

Cross Connection is the bridge between two CTP. It can be protected. It allows the connection which is in active.

PGP

Pretty Good Privacy consists of,

  • Compatibility
  • Confidentiality
  • Digital signatures
  • Web of trust
  • Certificates

Above shown Multi-level check has been done for the privacy through the PGP.

Transmission Technologies and Signals

Technologies
  • PDH
  • ETHERNET
  • SDH
  • OTN
Signal
  • E1, E2, E3, E4
  • Ethernet
  • STM_1, STM_4, STM_16, STM_64
  • OTU_1, OTU_2, OTU_3, OTU_4
Bandwidth
  • 2 - 140 (2, 8, 34, 140 Mbps)
  • 1-10 Gbps
  • 0.155, 0.622, 2.5, 10 Gbps
  • 2.5, 10, 40, 100 Gbps

Signal Table

Signal Type Rate
E1 2 Mbps
E2 8 Mbps
E3 32 Mbps
E4 140 Mbps
Ethernet 1-10 Gbps
STM_1 0.155 Gbps
SMT_4 0.622 Gbps
STM_16 2.5 Gbps
STM_64 10 Gbps
OTU_1 2.5 Gbps
OTU_2 10 Gbps
OTU_3 40 Gbps
OTU_4 100 Gbps

Communication interfaces in Optical lines
  • Northbound Interface (Low level element to High level element)
  • Southbound Interface (High level element to Low level element)
OverAll Network Map
Reference

For further information see also : RF-wireless-world

  • https://www.juniper.net/documentation/en_US/junos/topics/concept/interface-security-t1-and-e1-understanding.html

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